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NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation following CNS injuries
Kirdajová, Denisa ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Procházka, Jan (referee) ; Novák, Ondřej (referee)
NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation following CNS injuries Abstract NG2 glia display wide proliferation and differentiation potential under physiological and pathological conditions. They are very well known as precursors of oligodendrocytes, however, following central nervous system (CNS) injury they play an important role in regeneration. For this reason, we examined these features following different types of brain disorders such as focal cerebral ischemia (FCI), cortical stab wound (SW), and demyelination (DEMY) in young (3-months-old) mice, in which NG2 glia are labeled by tdTomato under the Cspg4 promoter. In the case of FCI, the factor of age was also studied using 18-months-old mice. To address these issues, we employed many techniques on tissue/cellular levels, such as single-cell RT- qPCR, single-cell/bulk RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and the patch-clamp technique in situ. First, such approach enabled us to distinguish two main populations (NG2 glia, oligodendrocytes), each of them comprising four distinct subpopulations. Next, the expression profiling revealed that a subpopulation of NG2 glia expressing GFAP, a marker of reactive astrocytes, appears transiently after FCI. However, following less severe injury, namely the cortical SW and DEMY, subpopulations mirroring different...
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Calcium signalling in glial cells in progress of Alzheimer disease
Waloschková, Eliška ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Maršáková, Lenka (referee)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the entire central nervous system including glial cells. The mechanisms of this disease are not yet entirely clear, although recent studies suggest that among the known hallmarks of AD, such as accumulation of amyloid β and hyperphosphorylated tau, dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis is proposed to be a significant feature both in neurons and glial cells, namely astrocytes and microglia. Glial cells play an important role both in healthy brain and during AD progression. Their major functions, such as supporting neurons or maintaining synapses, are impaired during this disease. Recent findings suggest that aberrant glial calcium signaling activated during AD, could possibly promote the malfunction of these cells and increase their inflammatory response, thus affecting neurons and causing brain damage. It is likely, that the ongoing inflammation and the impaired calcium signaling affect one another, consequently enhancing the progression of AD.
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Nervous tissue regeneration following ischemic injury in adulthood - the role of glial cells
Kamenická, Monika ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Kletečková, Lenka (referee)
Ischemic stroke (ischemia) is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The consequences of this disease are enormous and markedly affect the lives of patients who often are unable to live a full quality of life as before. Therefore, the current research is focused on elucidating new mechanisms that could mitigate the effects of ischemia and better regeneration of nerve tissue. This theses aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurogenesis/gliogenesis in the nerve tissue under physiological conditions, after ischemic injury and subsequent regeneration. The first chapter is focused on neurogenesis in the nervous tissue of adults. The two main neurogenic regions are described, such as subventricular zone and the gyrus dentatus in hippocampus. The following is a brief description of cells that are located in neurogenic regions and their function under physiological conditions. The second chapter focuses on gliogenesis in adult nervous tissue and describes the glial cells responsible for numerous functions in CNS. Furthermore, the functions of individual types of glial cells are listed. The third chapter gives the overview about pathophysiology of ischemia. The author tries to explain what is happening in the brain tissue during and following ischemia, what types of ischemia are...
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Glial cells and their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Vaňátko, Ondřej ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain motor cortex, the brain stem and the spinal cord, causing their death, which results in denervation of voluntary muscles. Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the entire body gradually leads to worsening of the ability to move, speak, chew, swallow and eventually breath. Ultimately it results in affected individual's death due to respiratory muscle failure. Although first identified in 1869, no cure for ALS has been yet found. While early studies focused mainly on the research of motor neurons themselves, the attention has shifted towards glial cells in the past two decades. Glial cells are essential for proper neuron functioning and survival and it appears that they play a major role in ALS progression. The goal of this thesis is to review and summarize findings on the role of glial cells in ALS over the last years, focusing on four specific types of glial cells, namely astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and NG2-glia. Key words: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS, motor neuron, glia, astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocyte, NG2-glia
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Changes in neuroglia in degenerative disorders of the central nervous system
Kirdajová, Denisa ; Zach, Petr (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Neurodegenerative diseases are a serious disorders of the central nervous system characterized by neuronal loss with a subsequent damage of the brain. This damage may have diverse consequences like a gradual loss of memory and intellect, problems with musculoskeletal system and not least death. Causes of these diseases are not yet fully understood. In addition to neurons neuroglia also plays an important role in these diseases of the central nervous system. In neurodegenerative diseases are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and NG2 cells involved in their many aspects. They participate in the protective as well as in the detrimental aspect of these diseases. This work, therefore, presents an overview of previously acquired knowledge of neuroglia in various types of degenerative disorders of the CNS (Alzheimer`s disease, Parkinson`s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Wernicke encephalopathy, HIV associated dementia, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Calcium signalling in glial cells in progress of Alzheimer disease
Waloschková, Eliška ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Maršáková, Lenka (referee)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the entire central nervous system including glial cells. The mechanisms of this disease are not yet entirely clear, although recent studies suggest that among the known hallmarks of AD, such as accumulation of amyloid β and hyperphosphorylated tau, dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis is proposed to be a significant feature both in neurons and glial cells, namely astrocytes and microglia. Glial cells play an important role both in healthy brain and during AD progression. Their major functions, such as supporting neurons or maintaining synapses, are impaired during this disease. Recent findings suggest that aberrant glial calcium signaling activated during AD, could possibly promote the malfunction of these cells and increase their inflammatory response, thus affecting neurons and causing brain damage. It is likely, that the ongoing inflammation and the impaired calcium signaling affect one another, consequently enhancing the progression of AD.
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Nervous tissue regeneration following ischemic injury in adulthood - the role of glial cells
Kamenická, Monika ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Kletečková, Lenka (referee)
Ischemic stroke (ischemia) is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The consequences of this disease are enormous and markedly affect the lives of patients who often are unable to live a full quality of life as before. Therefore, the current research is focused on elucidating new mechanisms that could mitigate the effects of ischemia and better regeneration of nerve tissue. This theses aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurogenesis/gliogenesis in the nerve tissue under physiological conditions, after ischemic injury and subsequent regeneration. The first chapter is focused on neurogenesis in the nervous tissue of adults. The two main neurogenic regions are described, such as subventricular zone and the gyrus dentatus in hippocampus. The following is a brief description of cells that are located in neurogenic regions and their function under physiological conditions. The second chapter focuses on gliogenesis in adult nervous tissue and describes the glial cells responsible for numerous functions in CNS. Furthermore, the functions of individual types of glial cells are listed. The third chapter gives the overview about pathophysiology of ischemia. The author tries to explain what is happening in the brain tissue during and following ischemia, what types of ischemia are...
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Glial cells and their role in Alzheimer disease
Eliášová, Barbora ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Kazantsev, Dmitry (referee)
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, affecting mostly elderly people. It causes memory impairment and modifies the ability to talk, learn and make decisions. These are gradually getting worse until the patient loses them completely. Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia worldwide, however until these days there is no cure. The main reason for this is that mechanisms and causes of this disease are still not utterly understood. Besides the neurodegeneration caused by aggregation of βamyloid protein and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, glial cells of central nervous system play also important role in the Alzheimer's disease. Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and recently discovered synantocytes ensure various functions necessary for correct functioning of the brain and damage of these cells can be fatal. During a neurodegenerative disorder such as Alzheimer's, they are able to improve the course of the disease but also do the contrary and aggravate it by malfunctioning or losing one or even more of their functions. Key words: Alzheimer's disease, β amyloid, tau protein, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, synantocytes
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